In the crystal field model, the central metal ion is treated as positive while the ligands are negative point charges (represented by white spheres in the figures below). The orientation of each of the five d orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar fields can be superimposed and related to edges or faces of a cube.
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dx2-y2
dz2
The electron density (i.e., the lobes of the orbitals) lies directly in line with the point charges on the axes. dxy dxz dyz The electron density lies in between the point charges. |
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Unlike the octahredral case, none of the orbital lobes point
directly at the incoming groups.
dxy dxz dyz The electron density (i.e., the lobes of the orbitals) lies nearest to the point charges. dx2-y2 dz2 The electron density lies further away from the point charges. |
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dx2-y2
The electron density (i.e., the lobes of the orbitals) lies directly in line with the point charges on the axes. This is essentially identical to the octahedral case. dxy The electron density lies in between the point charges. Once again, this is essentially the same as for the octahedral case and the splitting between the top two orbitals remains the same. dz2 The absence again of any point charges in the z-direction means that this orbital is now the most energetically favoured orbital (lies lowest in energy) compared to the octahedral case. dxz dyz since these both have z components and there are no point charges in the z-direction, these orbitals are lower in energy than in the octahedral case. |
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Created and maintained by Prof. Robert J. Lancashire,